A Brief on Different Types of Buddhism in Southeast Asia

From Borobodur to Angkor Wat

July 06, 2023

Southeast Asia, a region of diverse cultures and histories, is a melting pot of various religious beliefs. Among the numerous faiths practiced, Buddhism stands as one of the most prominent religions. The rich tapestry of Buddhism in this region is not homogenous but is instead composed of different sects and traditions, each with its unique tenets, rituals, and practices. This article aims to explore the various forms of Buddhism found in Southeast Asia.

Scene Reconstruction of Borobudur, the world’s largest Buddhist Temple during its Heyday
Painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919)

Theravada Buddhism: The Doctrine of the Elders

Theravada Buddhism, also known as the “Doctrine of the Elders,” is the most widespread form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia. It is prevalent in countries such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Theravada Buddhism emphasizes personal enlightenment and places importance on monastic life. The followers of this tradition closely adhere to the traditional teachings of the Buddha as found in the Pali Canon, considered the most authentic record of Buddha’s teachings.

Theravada Monks, easily recognizable by their vibrant orange robes and frequently seen walking barefoot, are a common sight within the sacred confines of Angkor Wat. This iconic temple, originally dedicated to Hindu deities, stands as a testament to Cambodia’s religious evolution.
Image by Sam Garza

Mahayana Buddhism: The Great Vehicle

While lesser in number compared to Theravada, Mahayana Buddhism, known as the “Great Vehicle,” also has a significant presence in Southeast Asia, particularly in Vietnam, mainly given to the influence of several Chinese dynasties on the country. Mahayana Buddhism is prevalent in East Asia and differs from Theravada in its broader interpretation of Buddha’s teachings and its emphasis on the Bodhisattva ideal – the aspiration to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings.

Did you know? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the esteemed American civil rights leader, and Thich Nhat Hanh, a prominent Mahayana Buddhist monk hailing from Vietnam, share a remarkable bond. Their unique friendship, formed amidst the tumultuous era of the Vietnam War, is a testament to their shared vision of peace and justice. Thich Nhat Hanh, who is also renowned as a scholar and poet, has made significant strides in advocating for gender equality within monastic Buddhism, furthering his impact on social justice.
Image by VietnamNet

Vajrayana Buddhism: The Diamond Vehicle

Vajrayana Buddhism, or the “Diamond Vehicle,” is a form of Tantric Buddhism that emerged from Mahayana Buddhism and is closely related to Tibetan Buddhism. Although not as widespread as the other two forms, Vajrayana Buddhism can be found in pockets of Southeast Asia, including areas of Vietnam. It is characterized by ritual practices and the use of mantras and mudras, aiming to achieve Buddhahood quickly.

The Javanese and Balinese Buddhism

In Indonesia, particularly in Java and Bali, there exists a unique form of Buddhism that has been influenced by Hinduism and indigenous animist beliefs. This syncretic form of Buddhism incorporates elements of Hindu mythology and local ancestor worship, creating a unique spiritual landscape that reflects the region’s diverse religious history.

Buddhism’s Influence on Southeast Asian Societies

The influence of Buddhism in Southeast Asia is not confined to the spiritual realm. It has shaped the region’s art, literature, philosophy, and social norms. Buddhist temples, or “wats,” are central to communal life in many Southeast Asian societies. They serve not only as places of worship but also as community centers, schools, and venues for social events.

Borobudur, hailed as the globe’s most expansive Buddhist shrine, exemplifies the rich religious heritage and historical tapestry of Indonesia prior to the advent of Islam. This magnificent temple, a testament to Indonesia’s bygone eras, underscores the country’s deep-rooted Buddhist traditions and cultural richness. Furthermore, it provides a unique glimpse into the complex social and religious dynamics that existed before the Islamic period, offering invaluable insights into the nation’s cultural evolution.
Image by pigprox

Buddhism in Southeast Asia is a testament to the region’s cultural diversity and adaptive spirit. The different types of Buddhism—Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana, and the syncretic forms in places like Indonesia—reflect the dynamic interplay of indigenous traditions, foreign influences, and historical circumstances. Understanding these diverse forms of Buddhism aids in appreciating the rich cultural tapestry of Southeast Asia.